By Mithara Fonseka and Kavishka Indraratna
In 2016, Sri Lanka ratified its Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) with the WTO and in 2017 a Secretariat was established for the National Trade Facilitation Committee to drive much needed trade reforms in the country. Currently, the rate of Sri Lanka’s implementation commitments under TFA stands at 34.9% with a timeframe ranging from 2017-2030[1].
Reforms include the Trade Information Portal, streamlining customs processes and revamping the systems for post-clearance audit. However, progress of one of the key reforms, the National Single Window (NSW), has been stalled. Deviating from the initial time frame of completing the Single Window in December 2022, the target date has been delayed to 2030[2].
The NSW, a globally recognised trading portal, acts as a one-stop shop for exporters and importers where customs documents, permits, registrations and other information can be submitted online at once. The definition of a Single Window, as provided by the UN/CEFACT Recommendation No. 33, is as follows: “A Single Window is defined as a facility that allows parties involved in trade and transport to lodge standardized information and documents with a single entry point to fulfil all import, export, and transit-related regulatory requirements. If information is electronic, then individual data elements should only be submitted once”[3].
Putting such a reform on the back-burner will only delay Sri Lanka’s transition to a system of streamlined, paperless trade processes and therefore acts as an impediment to local and foreign investment.
Why should Sri Lanka implement a NSW?
Sri Lanka has been underperforming in global trade rankings, where we sometimes rank in the bottom 50 countries. According to the Ease of Doing Business in 2020, in the trading across borders pillar, Sri Lanka ranks 96 out of 190 economies[4].
While several of Sri Lanka’s indicators perform better than the South Asian average, there is significant room for improvement. When comparing with OECD standards, Sri Lanka takes 72 hours for border compliance regarding imports and 48 hours for export documentary compliance whereas the OECD average stands at 8.5 and 2.3 hours respectively[5].
Lengthy customs procedures and multiple inspections impede efficiency. Meanwhile, we ranked 94 out of 160 countries under World’s Bank 2018 Logistics Performance index[6] and 103 out of 136 for the World Economic Forum’s 2016 Enabling Trade index[7].
Notably, one of the indicators from the Enabling Trade Index, the customs services index, which considers factors such as clearance of shipments via electronic data interchange and the separation of physical release of goods from fiscal control[8], we rank 116 out of 117 countries[9].
A lack of transparency, inter-agency coordination and lengthy cumbersome processes contribute to Sri Lanka’s poor trade environment. An average trade transaction can involve over 30 different agencies and upto 200 data elements, a lot of which have to be repeated[10].
There is thus an evident need to streamline trade processes through digitisation, creating a business friendly environment that supports small businesses as well as foreign investors.
A Background into the National Single Window
In 1989, the Government of Singapore introduced the world’s first NSW, known as Tradenet. It took two years for the model to become operational and has now become one of the most advanced models in the world. Since then, many countries have adopted similar models and a NSW has become a critical tool in facilitating efficient and paperless trade. The annual survey conducted by The United Nations on trade facilitation identified that almost 74% of countries surveyed in the Asia Pacific region have to some extent engaged in creating a NSW (this includes countries which are only in the pilot stage)[11].
While a NSW is universally known for promoting the transition from paper-based to electronic customs processing, each window developed by a country is unique and varies according to the context of the country. For example, in Chile and Malaysia, the NSW enables traders to submit their export and import declarations, manifests and their trade-related documents to customs authorities electronically[12].
In Korea and Hong Kong, private sector participants including banks, customs brokers, insurance companies and freight forwarders are also connected through the portal[13].
Single entry, single submission, standardized documents and data, sharing of information (information dissemination), centralised risk management, coordination of agencies and stakeholders, analytical capability and electronic payment facilities[14] are some of the key functions included in a Single Window.
In Sri Lanka, the World Bank did several studies on the NSW, identifying different operational models, best practices and a final blueprint document was given to the government and Sri Lanka Customs (SLC) in July 2019[15].
However, since then, there has been no news of progress. While many countries including Sri Lanka are keen to emulate Singapore’s pioneering model, a lack of clear targets and timelines deteriorate the chances of implementing such a system.
The Mutual Benefits of a NSW
Businesses in countries without an integrated trade system find it difficult to compete in the international arena given the time and money spent to simply get clearance.Streamlining the entire process from start to finish in a manner that’s comprehensive and transparent, sans bureaucracy has a number of positive effects for traders. It was estimated that Singapore’s TradeNet saved its traders around US$1 billion per year[16].
Korea’s uTradeHub allowed its business community to save approximately US$ 818.9 million[17]. These were savings from the use of e-documents, automated administrative work and information storage and retrieval with the use of ICT. A Single Window automatically simplifies the compliance requirements traders face. In Mozambique traders benefited from faster clearance times, where through the NSW, the time was reduced from 3 days to a few hours[18].
Meanwhile, Thailand’s NSW transformed the customs clearance turnaround time (measured as per declaration) to 95% in 5 minutes[19]. Using a single portal has enabled traders to avoid visiting multiple agencies and simply submit an application at their convenience from any location. NSW has supported businesses through the removal of unnecessary costs, time and red tape, factors which tend to act as key deterrents to small businesses as well as foreign enterprises.
The NSW system has similarly provided noteworthy cost-savings for government entities involved in trade. Singapore Customs, has claimed that for every US$1 earned in customs revenue, it only spends 1 cent, implying a profit margin of 9,900%[20].
In Hong Kong, trade facilitation measures have provided them with HK$1.3 billion in annual savings[21]. The NSW has also reduced revenue leakages which may arise through transit. For example, Mozambique is a transit country to Swaziland, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi[22].
By expanding their NSW to include value added services such as GPS tracking of consignments in transit, automatic detection of breaches in consignment and deviation from assigned transit corridors the NSW prevents revenue leakages and the opportunity for corruption, maximising revenue collection.
The NSW has further led to productivity and efficiency improvements. A Single Window has enabled authorities to handle a larger volume of applications with much more ease. Mozambique, which used to face infrastructural weaknesses, through the implementation of its single window, is able to handle roughly 1,500 custom declarations per day[23].
Shifting to paperless customs processes would reduce costs for inventory and assist in improved resource allocation as personnel would not be required for trivial and mundane tasks such as preparation and cross checking of numerous documents. In totality, a fully digitised system provides government agencies with the means to do away with inefficiencies that hold back the speed of document processing, approval, communication and inspection stages.
Further contributing to efficency, a NSW has also facilitated the dissemination of data through multiple agencies ranging from border control authorities, freight forwarders, customs brokers, shipping agents, banks and so on. As a result, there is improved inter-agency coordination and increased transparency.
Apart from a substantial increase in government revenue, the NSW will contribute to an improved business environment in Sri Lanka. The domino effects include an upward movement in the country’s global rankings, incentives for FDI and local business as well as a global recognition.
Driving forces for implementation
While the NSW on the surface seems like an IT-based innovation, it is rather a platform for inter-agency and private sector collaboration. As the NSW is a system which requires involvement from government, the private sector and the transport community, it is crucial to ensure inter-agency collaboration.
Ensuring public-private sector participation, introducing mandates and a steering committee to oversee implementation is crucial in developing such a system. The system as a whole is one that constantly evolves with no end stage. It requires continuous maintenance, support, and enhancement. This should be supplemented by the appropriate legislation, disclosure and publishing, backed by training and airtight data security policies.
Thus governance of the NSW needs to be executed appropriately so that new technologies, techniques and new modes of trade can be leveraged. In best performing nations, a Single Window is not considered a single system but rather “a combination of trade-related platforms that serve various trade communities and modalities”[24].
This has enabled leading countries such as Singapore and Hong Kong to facilitate seamless trade by building an environment of interoperable trade systems.
Kavishka Indraratna is a Research Analyst at the Advocata Institute. She can be contacted at kavishka@advocata.org. Mithara
Fonsekais a Researcher at the Advocata Institute. She can be
contacted at mithara.advocata@gmail.com.
The Advocata Institute is an Independent Public Policy Think Tank. Learn more
about Advocata’s work at www.advocata.org.
[1] WTO, Trade facilitation Agreement Database, https://tfadatabase.org/members/sri-lanka , Accessed January 6, 2022.
[2] WTO, Trade facilitation Agreement Database,10.4-Single Window, https://tfadatabase.org/members/sri-lanka/technical-assistance-projects/article-10-4
[3] United Nations, UN/CEFACT, ‘Recommendation and Guidelines on establishing a Single Window: to enhance the efficient exchange of information between trade and government, Recommendation No.33, (2005), https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/recommendations/rec33/rec33_trd352e.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[4]World Bank Group, ‘Doing Business 2020’, Economy Profile Sri Lanka, Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies,(2020), https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/s/sri-lanka/LKA.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[5] World Bank Group, ‘Doing Business 2020’, Economy Profile Sri Lanka, Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies,(2020), https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/country/s/sri-lanka/LKA.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[6] World Bank Group, ‘Logistics Performance Index 2018’, (2018), https://lpi.worldbank.org/international/scorecard/radar/254/C/LKA/2018#chartarea Accessed January 6, 2022.
[7] World Economic Forum,’The Global Enabling Trade Report 2016, Enabling Trade Rankings’, (2016) https://reports.weforum.org/global-enabling-trade-report-2016/enabling-trade-rankings/#series=CUSTSERVIND
[8] World Economic Forum, ‘Enabling Trade Index 2016’, (2016) https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GETR_2016_report.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[9] World Economic Forum, ‘The Global Enabling Trade Report 2016, Enabling Trade Rankings’, https://reports.weforum.org/global-enabling-trade-report-2016/enabling-trade-rankings/#series=CUSTSERVIND Accessed January 6, 2022.
[10]Johns, M. “Trade facilitation reform in Sri Lanka can drive a change in culture”, World Bank Blogs, 2017
https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/trade-facilitation-reform-sri-lanka-can-drive-change-culture Accessed January 6, 2022.
[11] UN ESCAP,’Digital and Sustainable Trade
Facilitation in Asia and the Pacific 2021’, (2021)
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/UNTF%20Report.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[12] UN ESCAP,’Single Window Planning and Implementation Guide’,
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/5%20-%201.%20Introduction_0.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[13] UN ESCAP, ’Single Window Planning and Implementation Guide’
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/5%20-%201.%20Introduction_0.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[14]UN ESCAP, ‘Single Window for Trade Facilitation: Regional Best Practices and Future Development’
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Regional%20Best%20Practices%20of%20Single%20Windows_updated.pdf, Accessed January 6, 2022.
[15] Central Bank, Annual Report 2019, External Sector Developments and Policies, Chapter 5, (2020), https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/sites/default/files/cbslweb_documents/publications/annual_report/2019/en/9_Chapter_05.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[16] UNECE, ‘Trade Facilitation Implementation Guide, Singapore case study’, https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/single_window/sw_cases/Download/Singapore.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[17] United Nations ESCAP, ‘Single Window Implementation: Benefits and Key Success Factors’, (2012), https://unnext.unescap.org/sites/default/files/switajik-sangwon.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[18] UNECE,
‘Trade Facilitation Guide, Single Window Implementation in Mozambique’,
https://tfig.unece.org/cases/Mozambique.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[19] UNECE,Trade Facilitation Implementation Guide, Interagency Collaboration for Single Window Implementation:Thailand’s Experience, https://tfig.unece.org/cases/Thailand.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[20] United Nations, Single Window Planning and Implementation Guide, (2012) https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/0%20-%20Full%20Report_5.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[21]United Nations, ESCAP, Single Window Implementation: Benefits and Key Success Factors
https://unnext.unescap.org/sites/default/files/switajik-sangwon.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[22] UNECE, ‘Trade Facilitation Guide, Single Window
Implementation in Mozambique’,
https://tfig.unece.org/cases/Mozambique.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[23] UNECE, ‘Trade Facilitation Guide, Single
Window Implementation in Mozambique’,
https://tfig.unece.org/cases/Mozambique.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.
[24]United Nations, ESCAP, Single Window for Trade
Facilitation:Regional Best Practices and Future
Development, (2018), https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Regional%20Best%20Practices%20of%20Single%20Windows_updated.pdf Accessed January 6, 2022.