By Jithendra Antonio
Sri Lanka, an island nation rich in history and culture, is grappling with severe economic vulnerabilities. With limited land and finite natural resources, the country faces significant challenges in commercializing these assets. Climate change further exacerbates these issues, casting a shadow over key sectors like agriculture, fisheries, and tourism. Despite these challenges, Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) offer a promising path to resilience and growth.
The Dual Threats of Geography and Climate
Sri Lanka's geographic constraints hinder large-scale agricultural and industrial expansion. Climate change worsens these limitations, causing extreme weather events that threaten food and water security, shaking the foundations of economic stability. The nation’s dependence on a few vulnerable sectors underscores the urgent need for diversification.
The impacts of climate change are already evident in the rice paddies and fishing communities. Unpredictable monsoons and rising sea levels threaten livelihoods, while the tourism industry suffers from coastal erosion and coral bleaching. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that Sri Lanka requires approximately USD 4 billion annually to meet its infrastructure needs, emphasizing the importance of leveraging FDIs to bridge this financing gap. The ADB further highlights the necessity for investments in climate-resilient infrastructure such as flood defences and water management systems.
FDIs as Catalysts for Change
In 2022, Sri Lanka saw a modest influx of approximately USD 1.3 billion in FDIs. Though a step in the right direction, it falls short of the transformative investment required. FDIs can serve as the lifeblood of economic diversification, channelling capital into renewable energy, climate-smart agriculture, and sustainable tourism. Renewable energy investments, for instance, could reduce the nation’s heavy dependence on fossil fuels, which account for over 40% of its energy mix.
FDIs have the potential to revolutionize the commercialization of natural resources. In the fisheries sector, modern aquaculture techniques introduced through foreign investment can boost production and exports, enhancing food security and economic growth. Similarly, in agriculture, FDIs can bring in technologies that improve yield and sustainability. The tourism sector, which contributed around 12.5% to Sri Lanka's GDP in 2019, stands to gain significantly from investments in eco-friendly and resilient infrastructure, attracting higher-value tourists and generating employment opportunities.
The Current Landscape of Foreign Investments
United States
In 2022, U.S. FDI stock in Sri Lanka reached $234 million, a 13.6% increase from 2021. Major U.S. companies with investments in Sri Lanka include Sysco, a global leader in food services, which has a significant operation in the country. The U.S. government's International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) provided $553 million in financing in 2023 to develop the West Container Terminal at Colombo Port. The U.S. sees investment and trade with Sri Lanka as vital for the country's economic recovery from the current crisis.
China
China’s influence is unmistakable in Sri Lanka's infrastructure, from the $1.4 billion Colombo Port City Project to the Hambantota Port Development. However, concerns about debt sustainability loom large, with Chinese loans making up an estimated 10-20% of Sri Lanka's $40 billion total debt. The narrative of Chinese investment is complex—while it has undoubtedly helped build critical infrastructure, the terms and sustainability of these investments have come under scrutiny.
India
Indian FDI began in earnest in 1982 with Ashok Leyland's bus assembly plant. The Adani Group's recent $750 million investment in renewable energy and a $700 million container terminal project at Colombo Port signify robust Indo-Sri Lankan economic ties. These projects are not just financial commitments but also represent a deepening of bilateral relations, with implications for regional stability and economic cooperation.
Japan
Japanese investments date back to the 1970s, with substantial contributions in construction, steel, and ceramics. As of the end of 2021, Japanese enterprises have invested over $350 million in Sri Lanka, with companies like NTT and Mitsui Group leading the way. Japan's approach to investment often emphasizes long-term development and sustainability, aligning well with Sri Lanka's needs.
Challenges and Opposition to FDIs
1. Policy Uncertainty and Regulatory Environment
Frequent policy changes create a volatile investment climate. Establishing a stable regulatory environment is crucial for attracting and retaining foreign investors. Sri Lanka's bureaucratic maze often deters potential investors who seek predictability and transparency.
2. Restrictive Trade Policies
Sri Lanka's protectionist stance needs re-evaluation. Reducing trade barriers can boost exports and attract diversified investments. The current trade policies, while aiming to protect local industries, often stifle competition and innovation.
3. Inefficient Logistics and Trade Facilitation
Despite its strategic location, Sri Lanka must enhance logistics and connectivity to fully leverage its geographic advantage. The Colombo port, one of the busiest in South Asia, requires modernization and improved efficiency to become a true regional hub.
4. Political Instability and Civil Conflict
The lingering impact of the civil war (1983-2009) continues to haunt investor confidence. Ensuring political stability and security is essential for rebuilding trust. The memory of conflict, coupled with ongoing political fluctuations, creates an atmosphere of caution among potential investors.
5. Resistance from Ultra-Nationalists and Hypocrites
Sri Lanka's age-old tradition of comparing its natural resources and economic performance with larger geopolitical entities has hindered its Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) potential. This mindset, coupled with ultra-nationalism and a misunderstanding of national security, frames every development or FDI initiative as a potential threat. This is often driven by individuals without the proper technological capability and understanding, creating a challenging environment for attracting foreign investments. Nationalists resist foreign involvement, viewing it as a threat to national sovereignty, while technologically unsavvy professionals lack the vision to embrace innovative investment opportunities. This resistance to change and external influence impedes the country’s ability to present itself as a viable and attractive destination for FDIs, limiting its economic growth and development. Consequently, Sri Lanka struggles to leverage its unique strengths and opportunities, such as its strategic location and untapped natural resources, to attract global investors who could significantly contribute to the country's economic resilience and sustainability.
Embracing Foreign Investments for Sustainable Growth
No country can develop or advance through any era of human civilization without effectively utilizing its natural resources and attracting potential FDIs. Selling natural resources and drawing in foreign investments pave the way for technology transfer and skill enhancement among the local workforce. This dynamic not only fosters economic growth but also builds a more capable and competitive labor market. For example, countries like Singapore and the UAE have leveraged their strategic locations and natural resources to attract significant FDIs, leading to rapid technological advancement and economic prosperity. These investments bring in not just capital, but also modern technologies and best practices that can transform local industries and improve overall productivity. Therefore, for Sri Lanka to achieve sustainable development and economic advancement, it must embrace a more open and pragmatic approach to FDIs, focusing on the long-term benefits of technology transfer and workforce skill development.
A Vision for the Future
Sri Lanka's strategic location along major shipping routes positions it as a key player in global trade. The nation aims to attract $5 billion in FDI annually by 2025, a target that, if met, could accelerate recovery from the COVID-19 crisis and elevate Sri Lanka to an upper-middle-income economy.
The vision for the future is not just about attracting capital but about building an economy that is resilient, diversified, and inclusive. Investments in renewable energy, smart agriculture, and sustainable tourism are steps towards a greener and more sustainable economy. The government's role in creating an enabling environment for such investments is paramount.
Pathways to Prosperity
1. Improving Trade Openness
Eliminating trade barriers and liberalizing policies will diversify the economy and enhance export potential. Trade openness not only attracts FDIs but also integrates Sri Lanka more deeply into global value chains.
2. Enhancing Infrastructure and Logistics
Investing in high-quality communication networks and improving logistical efficiency can attract more FDIs. Modern infrastructure is the backbone of a thriving economy, and Sri Lanka must prioritize these investments.
3. Promoting Investment-Friendly Regulations
Creating a predictable policy environment with streamlined approval processes will foster investor confidence. This includes implementing reforms that ensure ease of doing business, transparency, and legal protections for investors.
4. Addressing Political Stability
Resolving political issues and ensuring security will mitigate the negative impacts of past conflicts on FDI inflows. Political stability is a cornerstone of economic growth, and Sri Lanka must strive for a peaceful and stable political climate.
Sri Lanka's quest for economic stability and growth is fraught with challenges yet filled with promise. By addressing policy uncertainties, improving infrastructure, and fostering a stable investment climate, the nation can harness its strategic location and rich resources to build a resilient and prosperous future. The path is clear, but the journey requires unwavering commitment and bold reforms.
In the tapestry of global economies, Sri Lanka stands at a crossroads. The choices made today will define the nation's trajectory for decades to come. With the right mix of foreign investment, policy reforms, and sustainable practices, Sri Lanka can turn its vulnerabilities into strengths and emerge as a beacon of resilience and innovation in the region.
(The writer is a Consultant specialised in Data Analytics with a Special Focus on Sri Lanka’s Future Direction, and in the fields of Sustainable Energy, ESG, Investments and telecommunications. He can be reached at jithendra.antonio@gmail.com.)
As a foreign investor in Sri Lanka I see two areas where Sri Lanka has potential; 1) Tourism and 2) Shipping Services. I cannot see how ESG can help as the world market is saturated. Modernising agriculture can help to raise the living standards across the board so should be pursued as a “trickle up” remedy.